(原创)鱼类健康（疾病） 第六讲 水的硬度
<div id="textstyle_6389" style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-TOP: 10px; FONT-SIZE: 9pt; OVERFLOW-X: hidden; WIDTH: 97%; WORD-BREAK: break-all; TEXT-INDENT: 24px; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; HEIGHT: 200px; WORD-WRAP: break-word;"><p><span>鱼类健康（疾病）</span><span>第六讲</span><span lang="EN-US"><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span>水的硬度</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Fish Health<span> </span>July 23, 2007</font></span></p><p><span> 水中的硬度（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Hardness</font></span><span>）指的是水体中带二价正电离子的浓度，此类离子主要为钙离子（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Ca<sup>2+</sup></font></span><span>）和镁离子</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Mg<sup>2+</sup>)</font></span><span>。在海水中，水体的硬度和碱度（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Alkalinity</font></span><span>）都比淡水来得高得多，因此海水相对淡水更加稳定，进一步导致海水鱼相对淡水鱼对水质变化的承受力更差。下表为在淡水中的软水与硬水的离子含量数值差异：</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <p></p></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="852" colspan="4"><p><span>淡水（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">FW</font></span><span>）</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">vs. </font></span><span>海水（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">SW</font></span><span>）：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">SW</font></span><span>含有较多的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Ca<sup>2+<span> </span></sup></font></span><span>，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Mg<sup>2+ </sup></font></span><span>与</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></font></span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="170"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></td><td valign="top" width="237"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Ca<sup>2+</sup></font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="216"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Mg<sup>2+</sup></font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="229"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup></font></span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="170"><p><span>淡水（软水）</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="237"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></span><span>．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="216"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></span><span>．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="229"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></span><span>．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="170"><p><span>淡水（硬水）</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="237"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span>．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="216"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></span><span>．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="229"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span>．</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span lang="EN-US"><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span>硬度的高低用水体中</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">CaCO<sub>3</sub></font></span><span>的溶度（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">mg/L</font></span><span>）来表示。定义软水为硬度</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><50mg/L</font></span><span>，硬水为硬度</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">>100mg/L. </font></span><span>顺带提一点，花岗岩会使水体边软，石英石会导致水硬度上升。或许说到这点，有留意前一讲的论坛成员可能会发现，花岗岩还能提高水体的碱度，而石英石还能降低水体的碱度。通常来说，硬水的的碱度是高的，而软水的碱度是低的。因此适当提高水体的硬度能让水质更稳定，保证鱼类健康生长。</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span></font></span><span>硬度的测量在水产生产上用滴定的方法。理想的硬度范围为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">50-400 mg/L</font></span><span>。高硬度对鱼类健康的好处主要体现在下面两点：</span></p><p><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">1．<span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ca<sup>2+ </sup></span></font><span>能有效降低细胞膜的通透性，使鱼鳃内控制</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup></font></span><span>进出鱼体的细胞（泌氯细胞）进行正常生理活动。</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2．<span> </span></font></span><span>降低重金属污染物对鱼体的毒性。</span></p><p><span> 具体的实例为：在对鱼进行长途运输时，如果是使用软水的话，由于鱼受到运输的影响而产生的多尿，会加剧鱼体对离子的流失，最终导致鱼只的死亡。出现上述问题的鱼只的治疗方法：先加入</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10mg/L NaCl</font></span><span>（等于三分之一的海水含</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">NaCl</font></span><span>浓度，</span><span>等于鱼体血液的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">NaCl</font></span><span>浓度），再加入</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">100mg/L CaCl<sub>2</sub> (</font></span><span>平衡第一步中</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Na<sup>+ </sup></font></span><span>与</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Ca<sup>2+</sup></font></span><span>的致命不平衡</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)。</font></span></p><p><span> 重金属</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Cu<sup>2+</sup></font></span><span>对鱼的毒性也因水的硬度不同而呈现出较大的差异，如下表</span></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="426"><p><span>硬度（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">mg/L</font></span><span>）</span></p></td><td valign="top" width="426"><p><span>致死</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Cu<sup>2+</sup></font></span><span>溶度</span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="426"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><50</font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="426"><p><span>软水直接导致离子流失死亡</span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="426"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> >100</font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="426"><p align="left"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1mg/L</font></span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="426"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>>200</font></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="426"><p><span>生成</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Cu CO<sub>3 </sub></font></span><span>沉淀，彻底解决</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Cu<sup>2+ </sup></font></span><span>毒性</span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="852" colspan="2"><p><span>硬水中能降低</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Cu<sup>2+</sup></font></span><span>毒性的离子是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Ca<sup>2+</sup></font></span><span>而不是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Mg<sup>2+</sup></font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span> 因上述问题而应注意的水产养殖上的问题是最好不要使用新的铜质水管，老旧的铜质水管由于表面氧化而较为安全。</span></p><p><span> 另一种也表现出对鱼的毒性的重金属是锌，在软水中，致死锌溶度为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1mg/L</font></span><span>，而在硬水中则升高为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10mg/L.</font></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US"><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></p><p><span> 罗松</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US"><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span>完成于厦门</span></p></div> <p>测试液厦门有生产商 要买的话找天外云 他那有样品</p><p>麦饭石是不是沸石啊 我查查看</p> <p>用溶液来测量啊 天外云那就有样本 我是用 hatch kit品牌的硬度测试液</p><p>降低硬度你可以用含有花岗岩材质的滤材，或直接加碎花岗岩。</p> <p>顶了，提问下，用什么来测水的软硬度，还有几种滤材能降低水的硬度！</p> 养鱼是门学问！ Q，养龟也素门学问哦 我目前还是搞懂龟繁殖的素 哈哈 多交流! <div class="msgheader">QUOTE:</div><div class="msgborder"><b>以下是引用<i>罗松就是我</i>在2007-7-24 17:05:00的发言：</b><br/><p>用溶液来测量啊 天外云那就有样本 我是用 hatch kit品牌的硬度测试液</p><p>降低硬度你可以用含有花岗岩材质的滤材，或直接加碎花岗岩。</p></div><p>麦饭石算花岗岩吗？还有那测试溶液厦门哪里有卖？还请赐教</p> 请教，有图不？ <p>什么图？</p> 请斑竹重点讲下如何防止酸降，还有怎么调节好水质的问题，谢谢！ hao
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